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                  FAQS
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                        Frequently Asked Questions
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                        <li class="faqs-active">
                          <span>What is bio-degradation ?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Biodegradation is the progress by which microorganisms (microbes biomass, carbon dioxide and water. Biomass is a general term used the material as carbon source to grow on.
                            <br/>
                            <br/>
                            “Biodegradable Platic: a degradable platic in which the degradation organisms such as bactria, fungi, and algae.” [ASTM D883-99]
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                        <li>
                          <span>What are bio-degradation platics made of ?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Biodegradable/degradable plastics can be made from many different sources and materials as listed below:
                            <br/>
                            • Starch based polymers:<br/>

                            Thermoplastic starch based polymers made with at least 90% starch from renewable resources such as corn, potato, tapioca or wheat.<br/><br/>

                            • Polyesters (Bacteria based polymers):

                            Polyesters manufactured from hydrocarbons (oil or gas). All polyesters degrade eventually, with degradation rates ranging from weeks for aliphatic polyesters (e.g. polyhydroxyalkanoates). Bacteria are an additional treatment used to create a different type of biodegradable polymer.<br/><br/>

                            • Starch or Polyester blends:

                            Mixed with thermoplastic starch with polyesters made from hydrocarbons.<br/><br/>

                            • Oxo-Biodegradable polymers:

                            These polymers undergo controlled degradation through the incorporation of a &#39;prodegradant&#39; additive (an additive that can trigger and accelerate the degradation process). These polymers undergo accelerated oxidative defined degradation initiated by natural daylight, heat and/or mechanical stress, and embrittle in the environment and erode under the influence of weathering.<br/><br/>

                            • Photodegradable polymers:

                            These polymers are those that break down through the action of ultraviolet (UV) light, which degrades the chemical bond or link in the polymer or chemical structure of the plastic. This process can be assisted by the presence of UV-sensitive additives in the polymer.<br/><br/>

                            • Water-soluble polymers:

                            These polymers are those that dissolve in water within a designated temperature range and then biodegrade in contact with microorganisms.


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                        <li>
                          <span>What are additive based (Oxo-degradable / Photo-degradable) films?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            These films are made by blending an additive to provide a UV / oxidative and / or biological mechanism to degrade them. This typically takes 6 months to 5 years in a landfill site and/or standard composting system.
                            <br/>
                            In these films, biodegradation is a two stage process; first the plastic is converted by reaction with oxygen (light, heat and/or stress) to molecular fragments that water can wet, and then these smaller oxidized molecules are biodegraded, i.e. converted into carbon dioxide, water and biomass by microorganisms.

                          </div>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                          <span>What is Reverte™?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Reverte™ is an additive that provides programmable degradation of plastics.
                          </div>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                          <span>Why does Reverte™ produce superior products that are more environmentally friendly?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Reverte™ produces a plastic product with equivalent performance characteristics than the present non-degradables, is cost competitive and results in a product that will totally and harmlessly disintegrate in multiple environments, commencing at a predetermined time.
                          </div>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                          <span>Why use Reverte? (The 4R Solution: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Reverte™)?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Reverte™ provides the safest, most cost-effective, environmentally safe way to degrade plastic. By far the largest proportion of single use plastics, such as those used in disposable packaging, end their lives in landfills or as litter. At present, conventional non-degradable plastics can persist unchanged for many years.
                            <br/><br/>The unique programmability of Reverte™ technology safely biodegrades plastic waste from within a few months to a maximum of 5 years. In landfills they reduce volume, help maximize capacity utilization and aid in landfill compression.
                            <br/><br/>While not a total solution to littering, degradable plastics help avoid the accumulation of unsightly litter in our environment.
                          </div>
                        </li>

                        <li>
                          <span>What are the options for dealing with plastic waste?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">

                            There are currently 3 options for dealing with plastic waste:<br/><br/>
                            • Do Nothing - Continue using plastics as we do now, filling our landfills and waterways with tons upon tons of plastic waste which persist for hundreds of years.<br/>
                            • Utilize food-based plastics - which are created from crops such as corn and are compostable. While this may seem to be the ideal solution, the price of food has nearly doubled in the last year alone in part as crops are reapportioned to the manufacture of biofuels and bioplastics.<br/>
                            • Utilize oxo-biodegradable technology - when added to a plastic product at manufacture, allows it to completely and harmlessly break down in a pre-defined programmable manner.


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                        </li>

                        <li>
                          <span>What is the difference between Degradable, Biodegradable and Oxo-biodegradable plastic?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Degradable and biodegradable plastics are defined by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):<br/><br/>
                            • Degradable Plastic: A plastic designed to undergo a significant change in its chemical structure under specific environmental conditions. This change results in a classification determined by the loss of some properties that may vary as measured by standard test methods appropriate to the plastic and the application in a period of time.<br/>
                            • Biodegradable Plastic: A degradable plastic in which the degradation results from the action of naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae.<br/>
                            • Oxo-biodegradable Plastic: A two-stage process in which plastic is first converted by reaction with oxygen to molecular fragments that are water wettable. Second, these smaller oxidized molecules are biodegraded and converted into carbon dioxide, water and biomass, by microorganisms. There are 2 main types of biodegradable plastics: oxo-biodegradable and hydro-biodegradable. Both will first undergo chemical degradation by oxidation and hydrolysis for oxo- and hydro-biodegradable plastics respectively. This results in their physical disintegration and a drastic reduction in their molecular weights. These smaller, lower molecular weight fragments are then amenable to biodegradation by microbes.
                            Hydro-biodegradable plastics tend to degrade and biodegrade somewhat faster than oxo-biodegradables but the end result is the same – both plastics are converted to carbon dioxide, water and biomass. Oxo-biodegradable plastics are generally less expensive, possess better physical properties and are easier to process on current plastic processing equipment than hydro-biodegradable plastics.
                          </div>
                        </li>

                        <li>
                          <span>How does the Reverte™ Oxo-biodegradable technology work?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">

                            Reverte™ is an additive technology introduced in the manufacturing process of a variety of plastic (polyethylene and polypropylene) packaging and applications. The programmable degradation is triggered by UV and thermo-oxidation, meaning once the additive is activated, the presence of oxygen causes the plastic to have a reduction of molecular weight and become very brittle.<br/><br/>
                            These fragments decompose further into simple elements: carbon dioxide, water and biomass. Heat, sunlight and mechanical stress (i.e. movement) accelerate this degradation process.<br/><br/>
                            As the long carbon and hydrogen chains of plastic become shorter and shorter and are now able to incorporate oxygen into their chemical make-up, it is at this point that the plastic turns into organic functional groups (ketones, carboxylic acids, alcohols etc) that attract water. These transformations (to smaller chains in the presence of oxygen and water) create the conditions for the second stage of biodegradation: microbial digestion.<br/><br/>
                            Once the molecular mass of the plastics are reduced to below 40,000 molecular weight - due to oxidative degradation - the material becomes water wettable and can sustain a biofilm on its surface. This biofilm supports numerous microorganisms that feed off the carbon and hydrogen elements of the oxidizing plastic.<br/><br/>
                            If microorganisms are present (as they are in compost or landfill) these small fragments are included in their tropic chain as food. Biomass is the organic waste of microbe cells. This process is similar to the degradation of lignin in wood.


                          </div>
                        </li>


                        <li>
                          <span>What are the advantages of Reverte™ over other methods of degrading plastic?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Advantages when compared to alternative methods or products include the following:<br/><br/>
                            • Programmable and controlled degradation<br/>
                            • Avoids the emission of methane<br/>
                            • Can be made from recyclate<br/>
                            • Degrades in any environment<br/>
                            • Requires no fertilizers, pesticides or water<br/>
                            • Won't hurt forestland and reduce biodiversity<br/>
                            • Very low cost<br/>
                            • Degraded plastic can be economically recycled<br/>
                            • Great tensile strength and leak proof<br/>
                            • Can be incinerated with high energy recovery<br/>
                            • Does not use foodstock and has no impact on foodstock prices or availability<br/>
                            • No specialized storage or handling required<br/>

                          </div>
                        </li>

                        <li>
                          <span>How controllable is the process of biodegradation (shelf life and service life)?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            The speed of degradation can largely be controlled by the additive package used for any particular application. This process is affected by the levels of uncontrollable variables - particularly heat, UV light and stress - to which the plastic is exposed. Higher than planned levels of these will speed up the process and lower levels will slow it down (but not stop it). For this reason, manufacturers typically build a significant safety margin into the planned degradation time assuring that the properties of the plastic remain intact for the full useful life of the product.<br/><br/>
                            Reverte™ has a unique control package with two trigger mechanisms for guaranteed performance. First, a photoinitiator which means that the oxo-breakdown reaction does not significantly begin before the product is discarded and exposed to UV light and/or heat. There is also a built-in time release, which can be programmed to be activated as required by supply chain (‘fit-for-purpose’) requirements. This ensures that customers receive optimum formulations that perform as specified.<br/><br/>
                            Second, Reverte™ has secondary phase biodegradation promoters that assist the growth of microbial colonies. This speeds up and facilitates the ultimate biodegradation of the plastic following the initial oxo-breakdown.<br/><br/>

                          </div>
                        </li>

                        <li>
                          <span>Do the Reverte™ additives or finished products need to be stored or handled in any special way?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            A degree of 'common sense' is necessary to ensure that the products are not exposed to excessive heat, UV light or stress. For example, degradable plastics should be stored in a cool/shaded place rather than in the open air or in a hot, sunny space. Beyond this sort of 'common sense', no special requirements apply.

                          </div>
                        </li>

                        <li>
                          <span>How does Reverte™ affect product performance of the finished product?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Prior to the onset of degradation and disposal, products incorporating Reverte™ will have virtually identical performance to those manufactured without the additive. Products with Reverte™ are engineered to have a predetermined shelf life and have a designated “use before” date.

                          </div>
                        </li>

                        <li>
                          <span>Is Reverte™ safe to be used for food contact applications?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Yes! Reverte™ additives comply with FDA, EU and CFIA standard requirements for food contact and are safe for use in direct food contact applications.

                          </div>
                        </li>

                        <li>
                          <span>Can Reverte™ based plastics be recycled?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Yes. In-plant materials (trimmings, scrap, etc.) are normally recycled by manufacturers. The usual amount of recycled materials used is about 20% for degradable and 5% for non-degradable end products. This will ensure that quality of the end products are not compromised. Additionally, post-consumer plastics can also be recycled in existing recycle streams provided they have not already started to degrade.
                          </div>
                        </li>

                        <li>
                          <span>Will Reverte™ products create greenhouse gases such as CO2 and methane in a landfill?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Reverte™ does not contribute to methane build up. Methane is a gas that occurs in anaerobic conditions when carbon can only combine with hydrogen. Therefore, if there is no oxygen the Reverte™ product will not degrade.<br/><br/>
                            This is a big advantage over food-based biodegradable materials that, in the absence of oxygen, begin anaerobic decomposition, the product of which is methane – a greenhouse gas 20 times more damaging than CO2. The Reverte™ degradation process is an oxidizing system - if no oxygen is present the carbon and hydrogen remains locked in the remnants of the plastic and methane will not be emitted.<br/><br/>
                            CO2 is unavoidably created in all natural breakdown processes. The alternative is to keep the carbon locked up as plastic but that means the bag lasts hundreds of years - potentially longer.<br/><br/>
                            Reverte™ does not generate methane during degradation. CO2 is produced in small quantities.


                          </div>
                        </li>


                        <li>
                          <span>What are the end products of Reverte™ and are there any harmful effects on the environment from the use of this additive?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            The end products of biodegradation of plastic are carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and biomass. Extensive studies and tests already completed ensure that no harmful toxic or hazardous remains are left from the Reverte™ oxo-biodegradable process.


                          </div>
                        </li>

                        <li>
                          <span>Why does the Reverte™ process cost so little?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Only a small amount of Reverte™ is added during the process of manufacturing plastic and no additional equipment or skilled labor is required.
                          </div>
                        </li>


                        <li>
                          <span>What products are currently manufactured using Reverte™ ?</span>
                          <div class="faqs-answer">
                            Branded carrier bags - Produced for the North American and European marketplace Checkout bags - Used in supermarkets globally Polyethylene rubbish bags - Formulated to biodegrade after their useful life has been completed Fruit netting - Formulated to provide a long dwell time before the onset of degradation Household garbage bags, which consumers buy in rolls at the market, and use for disposal of their ordinary household waste. Aprons for use in the home, hospitals, restaurants, workshops, etc. Bags to contain dog poop Bin liners Gloves Plastic sheeting for a variety of applications in agriculture and horticulture. Plastic film for wrapping newspapers and magazines. Bread bags Frozen food bags Wrappers for cigarette packets Shrink-wrap and pallet-wrap "Bubble-wrap" Rigid products such as bottles and cups<br/><br/>
                            As virtually any product with an expected lifespan of from 2 months to 5 years can be made degradable with Reverte™.
                          </div>
                        </li>

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